Effects of soaking duration and incubation conditions on GABA biosynthesis in MangBuk brown rice of Vietnam

@#Introduction: Many people are currently interested in improving and maintaining their health status by changing their dietary habits, like eating more natural foods; thus sprout products are becoming increasingly popular. In this context, sprouted brown rice grains are an excellent example of functional food, because besides their nutritive value, they also lower the risk of various diseases and/or exert healthpromoting effects. In this paper, we focused on the bioactive compound γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinated brown rice. GABA is known as an important amino acid that can help reduce hypertension and inhibit cancer cells development. Methods: We investigated the hydration characteristics of brown rice by drying them in a moisture analyser at 130°C until reaching a constant weight. The effects of soaking (duration and pH of soaking solution), as well as incubation conditions (temperature and time) on GABA biosynthesis in MangBuk brown rice of Vietnam were measured. Quantification of GABA was measured using a spectrophotometer. Results: GABA content in MangBuk type 1 brown rice was higher than in type 2. GABA content reached its highest value at 691.88 µg/g for type 1 rice and 596.48 µg/g for type 2 rice when MangBuk brown rice was soaked in a pH 7 water at 30°C for 12 hours, and then incubated at 35°C for 30 hours in aerobic condition. Conclusion: Germination conditions modified the content of biologically active compounds in MangBuk soft and hard rice varieties. GABA was synthesised during germination based on three factors, namely time of incubation, temperature of incubation, and pH of solution.

Efecto del germinado sobre las características nutricionales, propiedades bioactivas y funcionales de basul (Erythrina edulis) / Effect of sprouting on the nutritional characteristics, bioactive and functional properties of basul (Erythrina edulis)

El basul es el fruto de la planta Erythrina edulis que posee un alto contenido de proteínas, fibra dietética y antioxidantes, pero también con contenido de antinutrientes. Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del germinado sobre las características nutricionales, propiedades bioactivas y funcionales de las semillas de basul. Materiales y métodos. Mediante un diseño aleatorizado con arreglo factorial de 2x2x2 (tiempo de remojo, tiempo de germinado, presencia o ausencia de luz), las semillas de basul fueron germinadas y convertidas en harina (HBG) para determinar la composición proximal y la digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína. Además, se ha determinado los fenoles totales (CFT), la capacidad antioxidante (métodos ABTS y DPPH) y las propiedades de hidratación y adsorción de aceite. Resultados. Las diferentes condiciones de germinado no han modificado la composición proximal de la HBG; sin embargo, la digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína incrementó hasta en 6,25% en uno de los tratamientos respecto a la muestra no germinada. El CFT, también ha incrementado de 241,49 mg AGE/100g (sin germinar) a 267,15 mg AGE/100g (germinado); al igual que la capacidad antioxidante (ABTS) de 173,04 µmolTE/g (sin germinar) a 195,67 µmolTE/g (germinado). También se tuvo incrementos en la solubilidad, la capacidad de absorción de agua y la capacidad de hinchamiento. Conclusión. La calidad de la proteína, el contenido de fenoles totales, la capacidad antioxidante y propiedades funcionales de interacción con el agua de la semilla de basul mejora con el germinado(AU)

Basul is the fruit of the Erythrina edulis plant. It has a high content of proteins, dietary fiber, and antioxidants, but it also contains antinutrients. Objective. The study objective was to evaluate the effect of sprouting on the nutritional characteristics, bioactive and functional properties of basul seeds. Materials and methods. Basul seeds were germinated to produce flour (HBG) and determine its proximal composition and in vitro digestibility of the protein through a randomized design with a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (soaking time, germination time, and presence or absence of light). Total phenols (CFT), antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH methods), and hydration and oil adsorption properties were also determined. Results. The different germination conditions did not modify the proximal composition of HBG. However, the in vitro digestibility of the protein increased up to 6.25% in one of the treatments compared to the non-germinated sample. The CFT also increased from 241.49 mg AGE/100g (without germination) to 267.15 mg AGE/100g (germinated) and the antioxidant capacity (ABTS) from 173.04 µmolTE/g (without germination) to 195.67 µmolTE/g (germinated). Solubility, water absorption capacity, and swelling capacity also increased. Conclusion. The quality of the protein, the content of total phenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the functional properties of interaction with the water of the basul seed improved with germination(AU)

Methane emission from a flooded rice field under pre-germinated system / Emissão de metano em área de arroz irrigado sob sistema pré-germinado

ABSTRACT: Local greenhouse gas flow measurement studies have been encouraged at a global level as a subsidy for national and state inventories. This study aimed to evaluate the seasonal methane emission during the 2008/2009 harvest, from an irrigated rice plantation, under pre-germinated system, in the municipality of Tremembé, State of São Paulo, using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography. The study showed high seasonal emission of methane (CH4) for the studied area, probably due to the long flooding period. It was estimated the CH4 emission factor (6.51 kg CH4 ha-1 dia-1), the partial global warming potential (pGWP, 27.2 Mg CO2eq growing season-1 ha-1) and the yield-scaled pGWP (YpGWP, 3.9 kg CO2eq kg-1 grain).

RESUMO: Estudos locais de mensuração de fluxos de gases de efeito estufa em sistemas agrícolas têm sido incentivados a nível global como base para subsidiar estimativas nacionais e estaduais de emissão. Este estudo objetivou quantificar a emissão sazonal de metano (CH4) em cultivo de arroz irrigado, sob sistema pré-germinado, no município de Tremembé, Estado de São Paulo, na safra de 2008/2009, utilizando o método de câmara estática e cromatografia gasosa. O estudo mostrou elevada emissão sazonal de CH4 para a área estudada, em função, provavelmente do longo período de inundação. Foi estimado o fator de emissão de CH4 (6,51 kg CH4 ha-1 dia-1), o potencial de aquecimento global parcial (PAGp, 27,2 Mg CO2eq estação de crescimento-1 ha-1) e o PAGp escalonado pelo rendimento (R) de grãos (PAGpR, 3,9 kg CO2eq kg-1 grão).

Efecto del proceso de germinación de granos de Cajanuscajan en la composición nutricional, ácidos grasos, antioxidantes y bioaccesibilidad mineral / Effect of the germination process of Cajanus cajan grains on nutritional composition, fatty acids, antioxidants and mineral bioaccessibility

RESUMEN La germinación es un proceso que involucra cambios en la actividad enzimática de los granos y ruptura de macro-moléculas, los cuales disminuyen los factores antinutricionales e incrementan la síntesis de otros constituyentes. Se obtienen granos con características sensoriales mejoradas, mayor valor nutricional y funcional. En esta investigación se germinaron granos de Cajanus cajan, por 96 horas, a 20°C en oscuridad, para estudiar las variaciones en composición proximal, ácidos grasos, capacidad antioxidante y bioaccesibilidad mineral. Los resultados obtenidos indican una disminución de las proteínas y aumento de cenizas, grasas y carbohidratos. Se determinó el perfil de ácidos grasos y se identificó la presencia de seis ácidos grasos, siendo el más abundante el ácido linoléico, la cantidad de los mismos también varió como consecuencia del proceso aplicado. El contenido de polifenoles y la capacidad antioxidante de la semilla aumentaron debido a la germinación. Se obtuvieron valores de bioaccesibilidad mineral, en un rango entre 16 y 31 % para el magnesio y el potasio, respectivamente. Se concluyó que el quinchoncho representa un alimento de elevado valor nutricional y que a través de la germinación se pueden introducir cambios nutricionales positivos y de esta forma promover su consumo.

ABSTRACT Germination is a process that involves changes in the enzymatic activity of grains and macromolecule breakdown, which decreases anti-nutritional factors and increases the synthesis of other constituents. Germinated grains are thus of higher sensory, nutritional and functional value. In this research, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) grains were germinated for 96 hours at 20°C in the dark. Variations in proximal composition, fatty acids composition, antioxidant ability and mineral bioaccessibility were determined. The results obtained showed that because of the germination process, protein content decreased, while ash, fat and carbohydrate content increased. Fatty acid profile was determined and six fatty acids were identified, with the greatest amount of linoleic acid. The fatty acid content changed with the applied process. The polyphenolic content and antioxidant ability also increased as a result of the germination process. The values obtained for the mineral bioaccessibility varied from 16 to 31% for magnesium and potassium, respectively. It was concluded that pigeon pea grains represent a food of high nutritional value, which, as a result of germination, can create positive nutritional changes. Thus, consumption of this food should be promoted.

Hangover relieving effect of Sanghwang mushroom mycelium cultured in germinated buckwheat

The present study was performed to evaluate the hangover relieving effect of germinated buckwheat (GB) and Sanghwang mushroom mycelium cultured in GB (SGB). Both GB and SGB showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities and significantly increased (p < 0.001) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activities; up to 140% increase at concentrations of 16 µL/mL. Locomotor activity test results from alcohol-SGB and alcohol-GB groups showed improved motor activities over that of the alcohol-water group at 90 min post-administration. Both alcohol-GB and alcohol-SGB groups had significantly reduced (p < 0.001) alcohol (40.02 ± 33.38 µg/mL, 66.01 ± 22.04 µg/mL, respectively) and aldehyde (5.72 ± 0.47 µg/mL, 6.72 ± 1.70 µg/mL, respectively) concentrations in blood compared to those in the alcohol-water group (199.75 ± 33.83 µg/mL, 50.43 ± 13.88 µg/mL, respectively) at 90 min post-administration. Based on cDNA microarray analysis, expressions of ALDH genes ALDH1a7 and ALDH18a1 and cytochrome P450 (CY450) gene CYP4a30b were upregulated in the alcohol-GB and alcohol-SGB groups compared to levels in the control group. Overall, the results suggest that both GB and SGB have hangover relieving effects by reducing blood acetaldehyde levels. The molecular mechanisms may involve ALDH activation and upregulated expression of alcohol metabolism-related genes such as ALDH and CYP450.

Subordinate function and principal component analysis of salt tolerance of seedlings germinated from microtubers of Jiangxi local yam / 中草药

Objective: The physiological regulation mechanism of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam (Ruichang yam, Nancheng yam, Yongfeng yam, and Guangfeng yam) microtubers under salt stress was studied and the salt tolerance of seedlings germinated from microtubers of four kinds of local yams in Jiangxi was compared, which provided some references for salt tolerance mechanism research and salt tolerance breeding of four local yams in Jiangxi. Methods: Some physiological and biochemical index detection of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under salt stress were studied by spectrophotometer method. The subordinate function, principal component analysis (PCA), and clustering analysis of their salt tolerance were accomplished by fuzzy mathematics subordinate function formula and SPSS 19.0 software, respectively. Results: The total chlorophyll content and root activity of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress decreased significantly. The soluble protein content of seedlings germinated from Ruichang yam, Nancheng yam, and Guangfeng yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress increased firstly and then decreased, while the soluble protein content of seedlings germinated from Yongfeng yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress decreased significantly. The total soluble sugar content, proline content, MDA content and membrane permeability of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress significantly increased. The POD, SOD, and CAT activities of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under 0-300 mmol/L salt stress firstly increased and then decreased. Based on the subordinate function and PCA of SPSS 19.0 software, three principal components of 10 physiological and biochemical indexes of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers under salt stress were induced. The salt tolerance order of seedlings germinated from Jiangxi local yam microtubers was Guangfeng yam > Yongfeng yam > Ruichang yam > Nancheng yam. Through the cluster analysis by SPSS 19.0 software, the salt resistance of four kinds of Jiangxi local yam is divided into two types, the salt tolerance of Guangfeng yam and Yongfeng yam was strong, and of Ruichang yam and Nancheng yam were sensitive to salt stress. Conclusion: The regulation mechanism of salt tolerance of seedlings germinated from four kinds of Jiangxi local yam microtubers is revealed and the objective evaluation of salt tolerance of four kinds of Jiangxi local yam is made in the paper, which will provide a theoretical basis for sowing in the field of four kinds of Jiangxi local yam microtubers.

Identification of an anticancer compound against HT-29 cells from Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice

Objective:To isolate and identify the anticancer compound against proliferation of human colon cancer cells from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice (PB). Methods: EtOAc extract of PB was partitioned with n-hexane, EtOAc, and water-saturated n-butanol. Anticancer compound of n-hexane layer was isolated and identified by HPLC and NMR, respectively. Cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells was tested by SRB assay. Results: The n-hexane layer obtained after solvent fractionation of PB EtOAc extracts showed a potent anticancer activity against the HT-29 cell line. Atractylenolide I, a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactone, a major anticancer substance of PB, was isolated from the n-hexane layer by silica gel column chromatography and preparative-HPLC. This structure was elucidated by one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data. Atractylenolide I has not been reported in mushrooms or rice as of yet. The isolated compound dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Conclusions:Atractylenolide I might contribute to the anticancer effect of PB.

Determination of Amino Acid, Fatty Acid, Mineral, Functional and Choking Properties of Germinated and Fermented Popcorn (Zea mays everta) Flour.

Background: Popcorn is cereal grains originated from a wild grass (Zea mays everta). Human consume popcorn as snacks. Popcorn provides a full complement of nutrition benefits, including dietary fibre, protein and essential micronutrient. Processing methods, such as, sprouting and fermentation improved the nutritional quality of cereals and legumes. In view of this, the present study, therefore, investigates the influence of germination and fermentation on nutrient composition, choking property and functional property of popcorn. Methodology: The popcorn kernels were obtained from a local market in Akure, Nigeria. The popcorn kernel was divided into three portions. Two portions were subjected into germination and fermentation respectively, while the third portion was processed as raw sample. Each of the samples was milled, sieved and analysed for proximate, minerals, amino acids and fatty acids using standard methods. Also, the functional and choking properties of the processed flour were determined using standard methods. Results: The result showed that the protein content of popcorn flour samples ranged between 12.13±0.56 - 14.37±0.52 g/100g; while the energy value was between 322.53±8.91 and 421.93±5.58 Kcal. The phosphorous, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron and zinc content of germinated popcorn flour (GPF) were higher than fermented popcorn flour (FPF). The total amino acids content of the sample range between 13.52 - 26.55 mg/100g for essential amino acids, 28.08 - 40.57 mg/100g for conditional essential amino acids; while 20.90 - 23.71 mg/100g for the non-essential amino acids. The nutritional quality results were as follows: protein efficiency ratio (PER) range between 0.88 and 1.55, essential amino acid indices (EAAIs) was between 13.62% and 44.18%; while the biological values (BV) was between 3.15% and 36.45%. The overall dominant fatty acid in each of the samples was oleic acid (67.05501 mg/100g) for the raw popcorn flour (RPF), palmitic acid (50.42259 mg/100g) for GPF and linoleic (68.72825 mg/100g) for FPF; while the dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids in RPF, GPF and FPF samples was linoleic. For the functional property, the results showed that swelling capacity range between 4.224±0.005 and 4.958±0.020. Bulk density was between 0.783±0.001 and 0.821±0.012; while that of water absorption capacity was between 1.964±0.014 and 2.111±0.044. The protein solubility of the samples increased in both above and below pH 2 for RPF and GPF sample and pH 3 for FPF sample, i.e., at the isoelectric points. For sensory attributes, the FPF was significantly rated higher in the overall acceptability than GPF, but rated lower than the ‘ogi’ (a sweet corn gel). Conclusion: The present study evaluates the amino acid profiles, fatty acids composition, choking property and functional property of RPF, GPF and FPF. The result showed that germination and fermentation processing techniques improved on the nutrient composition and also, eliminate the choking property of the processed popcorn flour. In view of this, the germinated or fermented popcorn flour may be used as traditional breakfast meal (ogi) or in the formulation of complementary foods.

Contribución al estudio del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench) para nutrición humana / Contribution to the research of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) for human nutrition

Objetivo: evaluar la composición química y la digestibilidad in-vitro del almidón del sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) nativo y germinado, y elaborar pastas alimenticias con 10, 15, 20% de inclusión de harina de sorgo nativo. Materiales y metódos: a las semillas de sorgo forrajero, híbridos HF-895, se les determinó la composición proximal, almidón total y digestibilidad in-vitro del almidón. A las fracciones granulométricas de la harina de sorgo, se les analizó el contenido de proteína y almidón total. Las pastas fueron sometidas a pruebas de cocción. Resultados: la composición del sorgo nativo está dentro de los parámetros establecidos por la normatividad del sorgo para consumo humano. El proceso de germinación, redujo la humedad y grasa, y no produjo cambios significativos en el contenido de proteína, cenizas y fibra dietaria. La velocidad de hidrólisis del almidón fue superior en semillas germinadas. Se presentaron diferencias significativas respecto al contenido de proteína y almidón de las fracciones granulométricas. Las pastas con inclusión del 10% presentaron el menor porcentaje de sólidos solubles. El índice de absorción de agua fue igual para todos los niveles de inclusión. Conclusiones: los germinados y las pastas alimenticias con inclusión del 10% constituyen dos alternativas de uso del sorgo para alimentación humana.

Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of native and germinated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and to elaborate pasta with 10, 15, 20% of native sorghum flour. Materials and methods: We determined proximate composition, total starch and in-vitro digestibility of starch of fodder sorghum seeds, HF-895 hybrid. Content of protein and total starch was analyzed in granulometric fractions of the sorghum flour. Pasta was subject to cooking tests. Results: Composition of native sorghum is within the established parameters of sorghum for human consumption. Germination process decreased moisture and fat, and did not produce significant changes in the content of protein, ashes and dietary fiber. Starch hydrolysis speed was higher in germinated seeds. There were significant differences regarding protein and starch granulometric fractions content. Pastas with 10% of native sorghum flour showed the lowest percentage of soluble solids. Water absorption index was the same for all levels of sorghum flour inclusion. Conclusions: Germinated and pastas with 10% of sorghum are two alternatives of sorghum use for human nutrition.

Optimizing Production Conditions of Germinated Brown Rice Cookie Prepared with Beet Powder

This study was conducted to develop an optimal composite recipe for nutritional cookies containing beet powder. Flour was substituted with whole wheat flour containing germinated brown rice powder. The sensory optimal composite recipe was determined by making cookies containing two levels of beet powder (A) or butter (B) according to Central Composite Design (CCD) and by conducting the sensory evaluation and instrumental analysis according to Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Using CCD, the results of physical measurement for ten conditions with two variables were obtained. The values of lightness (L), redness (a), and yellowness (b) were in the range of 36.65~49.03, 22.15~29.31, and 13.96~19.34, respectively. Lightness decreased significantly (P<0.001) and redness increased significantly (P<0.01) upon an increase in beet powder. The results of sensory evaluation showed very significant values in color (P<0.05), texture (P<0.05), flavor (P<0.01), taste (P<0.05), and overall quality (P<0.05), whereas those of the instrumental analysis showed significant values in lightness (P<0.001), redness (P<0.01), spread ratio (P<0.01), and hardness (P<0.05). As a result, the optimal sensory ratio of beet cookie was calculated for beet powder 7.75 g and butter 77.88 g.

Influência de cultivares, densidades de semeadura e doses de nitrogênio na produção integrada de arroz e peixes / Cultivar, seeding rate and nitrogen side-dress fertilization influence in integrated production of rice and fish

A produção integrada de arroz e peixes é uma prática que pode trazer benefícios aos orizicultores, diminuindo o uso de agroquímicos e o número de operações de preparo do solo, embora possa aumentar o acamamento de plantas. Este trabalho objetivou testar estratégias de manejo que reduzam o acamamento de plantas de arroz cultivado no sistema pré-germinado em área com quatro anos com rizipiscicultura. Um experimento foi conduzido a campo em Santo Antônio da Patrulha, RS, utilizando duas cultivares ("IRGA 417" e "IRGA 419"), três densidades de semeadura (70, 150 e 230kg ha-1) e três doses de nitrogênio (N) aplicado em cobertura (0, 80 e 160kg ha-1 de N). O acamamento de plantas não diferiu entre as cultivares e entre os níveis de N testados. O rendimento de grãos variou com o incremento da densidade de semeadura apenas na cultivar "IRGA 417". O teor de proteína dos grãos da cultivar "IRGA 417" foi superior ao da "IRGA 419", independentemente de densidade de semeadura e nível de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura.

Rice-fish culture is an important practice to flooded rice producers due to lower use of chemicals and number of tillage operations, although it can enhance lodging. The present study aimed to evaluate management strategies to decrease lodging in pre-germinated rice system in area with four years with rice-fish culture. An experiment was carried out in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using two cultivars ('IRGA 417' and 'IRGA 419'), three seeding rates (0, 150 and 230kg ha-1) and three nitrogen (N) side-dress rates (0, 80 and 160kg ha-1). Lodging did not vary with cultivars neither N rates applied. Grain yield varied with the increase of plant density only for 'IRGA 417'. Grain protein content of 'IRGA 417' is higher than 'IRGA 419' regardless seeding or N rates applied.